Real-world cost- effectiveness analysis: Tumor Treating Fields for newly diagnosed glioblastoma in China.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) stands as the most aggressive and prevalent primary brain malignancy. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), an innovative therapy complementing chemotherapy for GBM treatment, which can significantly enhance overall survival, disease progression-free survival, and patient's quality of life. However, there is a dearth of health economics evaluation on TTFields therapy both domestically and internationally. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of TTFields + temozolomide (TMZ) in comparison to TMZ alone for newly diagnosed GBM patients. The intent is to provide robust economic evidence to serve as a foundation for policymaking and decision-making processes in GBM treatment. METHODS: We estimated outcomes for newly diagnosed GBM patients over a lifetime horizon using a partitioned survival model with three states: Progression-Free Survival, Progression Disease, and Death. The survival model was derived from a real-world study in China, with long-term survival data drawn from GBM epidemiology literature. Adverse event rates were sourced from the EF-14 trial data. Cost data, validated by expert consultation, was obtained from public literature and databases. Utility values were extracted from published literature. Using Microsoft Excel, we calculated expected costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over 15 years from a health system perspective. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set at three times the Chinese per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2022, amounting to CN¥242,928 (US$37,655) /QALY. A 5% discount rate was applied to costs and utilities. Results underwent analysis through single factor and probability sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: TTFields + TMZ demonstrated a mean increase in cost by CN¥389,326 (US$57,859) and an increase of 2.46 QALYs compared to TMZ alone. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was CN¥157,979 (US$23,474) per QALY gained. The model exhibited heightened sensitivity to changes in the discount rate. Probability sensitivity analysis indicates that, under the existing threshold, the probability of TTFields + TMZ being economical is 95.60%. CONCLUSIONS: This cost-effectiveness analysis affirms that incorporating TTFields into TMZ treatment proves to be cost-effective, given a threshold three times the Chinese per capita GDP.

Virtual formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded staining of fresh brain tissue via stimulated Raman CycleGAN model.

Intraoperative histology is essential for surgical guidance and decision-making. However, frozen-sectioned hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining suffers from degraded accuracy, whereas the gold-standard formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) H&E is too lengthy for intraoperative use. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has shown rapid histology of brain tissue with lipid/protein contrast but is challenging to yield images identical to nucleic acid-/protein-based FFPE stains interpretable to pathologists. Here, we report the development of a semi-supervised stimulated Raman CycleGAN model to convert fresh-tissue SRS images to H&E stains using unpaired training data. Within 3 minutes, stimulated Raman virtual histology (SRVH) results that matched perfectly with true H&E could be generated. A blind validation indicated that board-certified neuropathologists are able to differentiate histologic subtypes of human glioma on SRVH but hardly on conventional SRS images. SRVH may provide intraoperative diagnosis superior to frozen H&E in both speed and accuracy, extendable to other types of solid tumors.

Identification of Linear Epitopes in the C-Terminal Region of ASFV p72 Protein.

African swine fever, which is induced by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global pig industry due to its high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite the severity of the disease, there is a lack of effective vaccines and drugs against the ASFV. The p72 protein, constituting 31 to 33% of the total virus particle mass, serves as the primary capsid protein of ASFV. It is a crucial antigen for the development of ASF subunit vaccines and serological diagnostic methods. In this investigation, 27 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated through mouse immunization with the truncated C-terminal p72 protein expressed by Escherichia coli. Among these, six mAbs exhibited binding to the p72 trimer, with their respective recognized epitopes identified as 542VTAHGINLIDKF553, 568GNAIKTP574, and 584FALKPREEY592. All three epitopes were situated within the interval sequences of functional units of the C-terminal jelly-roll barrel of p72. Notably, two epitopes, 568GNAIKTP574 and 584FALKPREEY592, were internal to the p72 trimer, while the epitope 542VTAHGINLIDKF553 was exposed on the surface of the trimer and consistently conserved across all ASFV genotypes. These findings enhance our comprehension of the antigenic function and structure of the p72 protein, facilitating the utilization of p72 in the development of diagnostic techniques for ASFV.

Optimal design of aperiodic tri-slot antennas for the conformal ablation of liver tumors using an experimentally validated MWA computer model.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to demonstrate that the conformal microwave ablation (MWA) of liver tumors could be attained by optimizing the structure of an aperiodic tri-slot coaxial antenna, its insertion depth, and input power. METHODS: A computational MWA model with an aperiodic tri-slot coaxial antenna operating at the frequency of 2.45 GHz was built and validated by both an ex vivo and a pilot in vivo experiment with porcine healthy livers. The validated in vivo computational MWA model implemented with a liver tumor was then used as a testbed to investigate the conformal ablation of liver tumors. Five liver tumors in different sizes and shapes were investigated. A genetic algorithm optimization method (NSGA-II) was used to optimize the structure of antenna, insertion depth of antenna, and microwave antenna input power for the conformal ablation of liver tumors. RESULTS: The validation results showed that a good agreement in both the spatiotemporal temperature distribution and ablation zone was found between the computer model and the ex vivo experiments at both 45 W, 5 min and 60 W, 3 min treatments and the in vivo experiment at 45 W, 5 min treatment. The optimized simulation results confirmed that five cases of liver tumors in different sizes and shapes can be conformally ablated by optimizing the aperiodic tri-slot coaxial antenna, antenna insertion depth, and microwave antenna input power. CONCLUSION: This paper demonstrates that the aperiodic tri-slot coaxial antenna can be optimized with the insertion depth and input power for the conformal ablation of liver tumors, regardless the size and shape of liver tumors.

Unraveling mitochondria-targeting reactive oxygen species modulation and their implementations in cancer therapy by nanomaterials.

Functional subcellular organelle mitochondria are emerging as a crucial player and driver of cancer. For maintaining the sites of cellular respiration, mitochondria experience production, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) underlying oxidative damage in electron transport chain carriers. Precision medicine targeting mitochondria can change nutrient availability and redox homeostasis in cancer cells, which might represent a promising strategy for suppressing tumor growth. Herein, this review highlights how the modification capable of manipulating nanomaterials for ROS generation strategies can influence or compensate the state of mitochondrial redox homeostasis. We propose foresight to guide research and innovation with an overview of seminal work and discuss future challenges and our perspective on the commercialization of novel mitochondria-targeting agents.

Screening and identification of the dominant antigens of the African swine fever virus.

African swine fever is a highly lethal contagious disease of pigs for which there is no vaccine. Its causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly complex enveloped DNA virus encoding more than 150 open reading frames. The antigenicity of ASFV is still unclear at present. In this study, 35 proteins of ASFV were expressed by Escherichia coli, and ELISA was developed for the detection of antibodies against these proteins. p30, p54, and p22 were presented as the major antigens of ASFV, positively reacting with all five clinical ASFV-positive pig sera, and 10 pig sera experimentally infected by ASFV. Five proteins (pB475L, pC129R, pE199L, pE184L, and pK145R) reacted well with ASFV-positive sera. The p30 induced a rapid and strong antibody immune response during ASFV infection. These results will promote the development of subunit vaccines and serum diagnostic methods against ASFV.

Irreversible Electroporation Mediates Glioma Apoptosis via Upregulation of AP-1 and Bim: Transcriptome Evidence.

The heat-sink effect and thermal damage of conventional thermal ablative technologies can be minimized by irreversible electroporation (IRE), which results in clear ablative boundaries and conservation of blood vessels, facilitating maximal safe surgical resection for glioblastoma. Although much comparative data about the death forms in IRE have been published, the comprehensive genetic regulatory mechanism for apoptosis, among other forms of regulatory cell death (RCD), remains elusive. We investigated the electric field intensity threshold for apoptosis/necrosis (YO-PRO-1/PI co-staining) of the U251 human malignant glioma cell line with stepwise increased uniform field intensity. Time course samples (0-6 h) of apoptosis induction and sham treatment were collected for transcriptome sequencing. Sequencing showed that transcription factor AP-1 and its target gene Bim (Bcl2l11), related to the signaling pathway, played a major role in the apoptosis of glioma after IRE. The sequencing results were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. We also found that the transcription changes also implicated three other forms of RCD: autophagy, necroptosis, and immunogenic cell death (ICD), in addition to apoptosis. These together imply that IRE possibly mediates apoptosis by the AP-1-Bim pathway, causes mixed RCD simultaneously, and has the potential to aid in the generation of a systemic antitumor immune response.

Point cloud registration of arrester based on scale-invariant points feature histogram.

Arrester is an important lightning protection device in the electrical field. The parameters of arrester such as creepage distance, umbrella distance and diameter are important for product quality, but they are difficult to measure because the shape of arrester is irregular. However, the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique is efficient in measuring arrester parameters. The uniform distributed structure of umbrella skirt on the arrester surface restrict the registration of point cloud. In this paper, a scale-invariant points features histogram (SIPFH) descriptor is proposed; the descriptor combines the characteristics of Scale-invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and fast point feature histogram (FPFH). Moreover, the improved Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is presented, the maximum distance of corresponding points in the iterative process is adjusted to realize the local optimization. The point cloud registration method consists of two parts: primary registration method based on SIPFH, and secondary registration method based on improved LM algorithm. Point clouds of different arresters are collected to establish datasets, some of which have interference. Experimental results indicate that the root mean square error of the method is less than 0.02 m; the average running time is 2.7 s, which is [Formula: see text] of the conventional method based on FPFH.

Tumor Treating Fields Combine with Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Chinese Patients in a Single Center.

Introduction: TTFields plus Temozolomide (TTFields/TMZ) extended survival versus TMZ alone in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) patients in the EF-14 trial. We have reported a retrospective analysis of newly diagnosed Chinese GBM patients who received TTFields/TMZ treatment and TMZ treatment from August 2018 to May 2021 in Huashan hospital in Shanghai. Methods: Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) curves were constructed using the Kaplan−Meier method. A Cox proportional hazards regression model, propensity score matched data, and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) based on propensity score were used to assess the effect of TTFields and account for confounding factors. Results: In the preliminary analysis, the median PFS in TTFields/TMZ group was 16 months (95% CI, 9.6−24.6) versus 11 months (95% CI, 9−12) in TMZ group (p < 0.05). Median overall survival was 21.8 months (95% CI, 17.4-NA) with TTFields/TMZ versus 15 months (HR = 0.43; 95% CI, 13−18) with TMZ alone. The multivariate analysis identified surgery type, STUPP scheme, IDH status, and TTFields use as favorable prognostic factors. After PSM adjustment, the variate among the groups was similar, except that the methylation rate of MGMT promoter remained high in the TMZ group (12 v 32 months; p = 0.011). Upon IPTW Survival analysis, TTFields was associated with a significantly lower risk of death (HR = 0.19 in OS; 95% CI, 0.09−0.41) and progression (HR = 0.35; 95% CI 0.14−0.9) compared with TMZ group. Conclusion: In the final analysis of our single-center Chinese patients with glioblastoma, adding TTFields to temozolomide chemotherapy resulted in statistically significant improvement in PFS and OS.

COVID-19 metabolism: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dysregulates antiviral signaling, immune response, and cell metabolism in human body. Viral genome and proteins hijack host metabolic network to support viral biogenesis and propagation. However, the regulatory mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-induced metabolic dysfunction has not been elucidated until recently. Multiomic studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) revealed an intensive interaction between host metabolic regulators and viral proteins. SARS-CoV-2 deregulated cellular metabolism in blood, intestine, liver, pancreas, fat, and immune cells. Host metabolism supported almost every stage of viral lifecycle. Strikingly, viral proteins were found to interact with metabolic enzymes in different cellular compartments. Biochemical and genetic assays also identified key regulatory nodes and metabolic dependencies of viral replication. Of note, cholesterol metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism are broadly involved in viral lifecycle. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the hallmarks of COVID-19 metabolism. SARS-CoV-2 infection remodels host cell metabolism, which in turn modulates viral biogenesis and replication. Remodeling of host metabolism creates metabolic vulnerability of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which could be explored to uncover new therapeutic targets. The efficacy of metabolic inhibitors against COVID-19 is under investigation in several clinical trials. Ultimately, the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2-induced metabolic reprogramming would accelerate drug repurposing or screening to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mitochondria transfer and transplantation in human health and diseases.

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for energy production and cell metabolism. Disorders in mitochondrial function impair tissue integrity and have been implicated in multiple human diseases. Rather than constrained in host cells, mitochondria were recently found to actively travel between cells through nanotubes or extracellular vesicles. Mitochondria transportation represents a key mechanism of intercellular communication implicated in metabolic homeostasis, immune response, and stress signaling. Here we reviewed recent progress in mitochondria transfer under physiological and pathological conditions. Specifically, tumor cells imported mitochondria from adjacent cells in the microenvironment which potentially modulated cancer progression. Intercellular mitochondria trafficking also inspired therapeutic intervention of human diseases with mitochondria transplantation. Artificial mitochondria, generated through mitochondria genome engineering or mitochondria-nucleus hybridization, further advanced our understanding of mitochondrial biology and its therapeutic potential. Innovative tools and animal models of mitochondria transplantation will assist the development of new therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.

Lethal Electric Field Thresholds for Cerebral Cells With Irreversible Electroporation and H-FIRE Protocols: An In Vitro Three-Dimensional Cell Model Study.

The lethal electric field (LEF) thresholds for three typical cerebral cells, including a malignant glioblastoma (GBM) cell line and two cell lines from the healthy blood-brain barrier (BBB), treated by irreversible electroporation (IRE) or high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) protocols were investigated in an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell model. A conventional IRE protocol (90 pulses, 1 Hz, and 100-µs pulse duration) and three novel H-FIRE protocols (1-3-1, 0.5-1-0.5, and 1-1-1) were used to treat the cerebral cells in both 3D single-cell and two-cell models. The electrical conductivity of the 3D cell model under different electric field strengths were characterized with the method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on EIS, a numerical electrothermal model of electroporation was built for the determination of the LEF threshold with different protocols and temperature monitoring. Cell viability was assessed by fluorescence staining 6 h after the treatment. The results showed no thermal lethal effect on cells when these protocols were used. The LEF threshold for GBM cells was significantly lower than that of the healthy BBB cells. These results suggest the possibility of selective ablation of human cerebral GBM by IRE and H-FIRE treatments with no injury or reversible injury to healthy cells, and the potential use of IRE or H-FIRE for transient disruption of the BBB to allow chemotherapy to reach the tumor.

Electroporation-Based Therapy for Brain Tumors: A Review.

Electroporation-based therapy (EBT), as a high-voltage-pulse technology has been prevalent with favorable clinical outcomes in the treatment of various solid tumors. This review paper aims to promote the clinical translation of EBT for brain tumors. First, we briefly introduced the mechanism of pore formation in a cell membrane activated by external electric fields using a single cell model. Then, we summarized and discussed the current in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, in terms of (1) the safety and effectiveness of EBT for brain tumors in animal models, and (2) the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption induced by EBT. Two therapeutic effects could be achieved in EBT for brain tumors simultaneously, i.e., the tumor ablation induced by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and transient BBB disruption induced by reversible electroporation (RE). The BBB disruption could potentially improve the uptake of antitumor drugs thereby enhancing brain tumor treatment. The challenges that hinder the application of EBT in the treatment of human brain tumors are discussed in the review paper as well.

Characterization of Transcriptome Transition Associates Long Noncoding RNAs with Glioma Progression.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in cancer biogenesis and prognosis. However, we still lack knowledge on their function during glioma progression. In this study, we analyzed the lncRNA expression profile across 907 glioma patients in grades II, III, and IV. Widespread dynamic expression of lncRNAs during glioma progression was revealed, and we identified 33 onco-lncRNAs and 61 tumor suppressor lncRNAs. We found that the expression of these oncogenic lncRNAs is regulated by grade-specific expressed transcription factors. Based on the "guilt by association" rule, we predicted the potential functions of oncogenic lncRNAs, and the majority of these lncRNAs are involved in cancer hallmarks. Especially we found that CARD8-AS1 regulates the metastatic potential of glioma cell lines in vitro. Integrating clinical information, we identified the 12 protective and 8 risk lncRNAs (such as PWAR6 and CARD8-AS1) in glioma. Finally, an lncRNA-gene functional module was identified to be associated with the survival of patients. The predictive ability of this module signature was further validated in an independent dataset. Our results revealed the dynamic transcriptome transition during glioma progression, indicating that the lncRNA signature could be a useful biomarker that may improve upon our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma progression.

Targeting the Notch1 oncogene by miR-139-5p inhibits glioma metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

BACKGROUND: Glioma metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance indicate poor prognosis. Accumulating evidence reveals that Notch1 is an important factor in tumour progression. However, the role of Notch1 in glioma EMT and associated microRNAs (miRNAs) with the Notch pathway remain controversial. METHODS: Utilizing cBioPortal database to examine the gene signature of NOTCH1 (encoding Notch1), CDH2 (encoding N-cadherin) and SNAI1 (encoding Snail-1) in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). We analyzed the Notch1 expression from Oncomine. We used Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence to determine protein levels. Transcription was evaluated by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR. siRNA and lentivirus were used to knock down Notch1 and overexpress miR-139-5p, respectively. The migration and invasion of glioma cells were assessed by wound healing and transwell assays. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to verify the relationship between Notch1 and miR-139-5p. A U87-implanted intracranial model was used to study the effect of miR-139-5p on tumour growth and Notch1 suppression efficacy or EMT reversion. RESULTS: It revealed the association of NOTCH1, CDH2, SNAI1 genomic alterations with decreases in DFS and OS. Notch1 was upregulated in classical and proneural subtypes of GBM, and associated with tumour grade. Notch1 inhibition suppressed the biological behaviours of metastasis, invasion and EMT. Notch1 was identified as a novel direct target of miR-139-5p. MiR-139-5p overexpression partially phenocopied Notch1 siRNA, whereas the forced expression of Notch1 reversed the effects of miR-139-5p on the invasion of glioma. Moreover, intracranial tumourigenicity and EMT behaviours were reduced by the introduction of miR-139-5p and partially mediated by the decreased Notch1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: miR-139-5p was identified as a tumour suppressor by negatively targeting Notch1, and this work suggests a possible molecular mechanism of the miR-139/Notch1/EMT axis for glioma treatment.

Rapid, large-scale stimulated Raman histology with strip mosaicing and dual-phase detection.

Two-color stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy with label-free mapping of lipid/protein distributions has shown promise in virtual histology. Despite previous demonstrations of SRS in tumor delineation and diagnosis, the speed and efficiency of the current technique requires further improvements for practical use. Here, we integrate parallel dual-phase SRS detection with strip mosaicing, which reduces the imaging time of a whole mouse brain section from 70 to 8 minutes. We further verified our method in imaging fresh human surgical tissues, showing its great potential for rapid SRS histology, especially for large scale, large quantity imaging tasks.

The prognostic value of maximal surgical resection is attenuated in oligodendroglioma subgroups of adult diffuse glioma: a multicenter retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Maximal surgical resection is associated with survival benefit in the majority of studies in adult diffuse glioma. This study aims to characterize the prognostic value of surgical resection in molecular subgroups of diffuse glioma. METHODS: 1178 patients with diffuse glioma from our centers and 422 from TCGA dataset were collected. The Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox regression models were conducted to identify the prognostic value of surgical resection through different histological and molecular stratifications. RESULTS: Firstly, we confirmed progression-free survival (PFS) benefit associated with gross total resection (GTR) over sub-total resection (STR) in lower-grade glioma (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.17-1.90; P = 0.001). Intriguingly however, we were unable to detect a significant PFS or overall survival (OS) benefit in oligodendroglioma (N = 397; HR 1.36; 95% CI 0.86-2.14; P = 0.19 and HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.55-1.99; P = 0.89, respectively). Secondly, when analyzed in molecular subgroups, we were similarly unable to detect a significant PFS or OS benefit in IDH MT/codel subgroup (N = 269; HR 1.47; 95% CI 0.92-2.34; P = 0.11 and HR 1.54; 95% CI 0.78-3.05; P = 0.21, respectively), oligodendroglioma with IDH MT/codel subgroup (N = 233; HR 1.33; 95% CI 0.79-2.21; P = 0.28 and HR 1.16; 95% CI 0.53-2.54; P = 0.70, respectively) or other relevant subgroups. TCGA validation also showed a significant survival benefit in astrocytoma rather than oligodendroglioma. Exploratory RNAseq analysis displayed that fewer cell proliferation-related gene expression features were specific to oligodendroglioma. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the benefit of maximal surgery may be attenuated in patients within oligodendroglioma relevant subgroups because of the chemosensitive and indolent nature. The aggressive surgery accompanying with risk of neurologic morbidity may be unnecessary for these patients given the lack of survival benefit with gross total resection.

Effects of ulinastatin combined with mechanical ventilation on oxygen metabolism, inflammation and stress response and antioxidant capacity of ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a disease that seriously threatens human life and health. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of ulinastatin combined with mechanical ventilation on oxygen metabolism, inflammation and stress response, as well as the antioxidant capacity of ARDS. Eighty patients with ARDS treated in Yiwu Central Hospital from January, 2015 to December, 2016 were enrolled in the present study and divided into the observation (n=40) and control (n=40) groups, using a random number table. The control group was treated with mechanical ventilation, while the observation group, based on treatment of the control group, was treated with ulinastatin for 14 consecutive days as one course of treatment. The changes in the relevant indexes of oxygen metabolism, lung function, time of ventilator treatment, total hospital stay, and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score of the two groups after intervention were compared, and the changes in inflammatory cytokine levels, dopamine receptor-related hormone levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity of the two groups before intervention and at 1 and 4 weeks after intervention were compared. After intervention, the arterial blood lactate in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), the oxygen uptake rate was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05) and the arterial oxygen content was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). In the lung function indexes, the FEV1 and FEV1/FVC levels in the observation group were smaller than those in the control group (P<0.05), the duration of ventilator treatment was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the hospital stay was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05). Prior to intervention, SGRQ scores in the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 1 and 4 weeks after intervention, the SGRQ scores of the observation group were significantly increased to those of the control group (P<0.05). The tumor levels of necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The levels of adrenaline and norepinephrine were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The levels of MDA, SOD and the total antioxidant capacity were significantly increased to those of control group (P<0.05). The application of ulinastatin combined with mechanical ventilation in ARDS patients is of great significance in improving the oxygen delivery-consumption balance of body, increasing the lung function, reducing the inflammatory and stress response, and improving the antioxidant capacity.

Amphotericin B suppresses M2 phenotypes and B7-H1 expression in macrophages to prevent Raji cell proliferation.

BACKGROUND: Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment play a critical role in tumorigenesis and anti-cancer drug resistance. Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with dense macrophage infiltration. However, the role for macrophages in BL remains largely unknown. METHODS: B7-H1, a transmembrane glycoprotein in the B7 family, suppresses T cell activation and proliferation and induces the apoptosis of activated T cells. The expression of B7-H1 in BL clinical tissues was determined by streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry. The mutual regulation between macrophages and BL Raji cells was investigated in a co-culture system. The cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution of Raji cells were determined using BrdU staining coupled with flow cytometry. CD163, CD204 and B7-H1 expression was assessed by flow cytometry and Western blot. Cell invasion was analyzed by Transwell assay. The expression of cytokines was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunofluorescence and allogeneic T-cell proliferation assays were used to compare the expression of B7-H1, p-STAT6, or p-STAT3 and CD3+ T cell proliferation treated with or without amphotericin B. RESULTS: B7-H1 was highly expressed in tumor infiltration macrophages in most clinical BL tissues. In vitro, Raji cells synthesized IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 to induce CD163, CD204 and B7-H1 expression in co-cultured macrophages, which in turn promoted Raji cell proliferation and invasion. Interestingly, antifungal agent amphotericin B not only inhibited STAT6 phosphorylation to suppress the M2 polarization of macrophages, but also promoted CD3+ T cell proliferation by regulating B7-H1 protein expression in macrophages. CONCLUSION: Amphotericin B might represent a novel immunotherapeutic approach to treat patients with BL.